Extract 1: References from an essay.
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Extract 2: Paragraph from an essay.
Certain people are more prone to aggravated assault; this is expressed through the idea of ideal victims by Christie N. (1986). The perspective of a victim as defined by Christie (1986) is not an objective phenomenon, where two people in objectively similar situations cannot describe their experiences as the same. The position of ‘victim’ can often come down to an individual’s personality, certain people experience victimization, where they might label themselves as victims in other social situations, Christie (1986) called this victimization a personality trait. Christie (1986) defined the term ‘ideal victim’ as an individual or a class of individuals who are readily given the outright and lawful status of being a victim. Christie (1986) identified five attributes of a crime involving the ‘ideal victim’; 1) The victim is weak; 2) The victim was carrying out a respectable project; 3) The victim was somewhere they could not be blamed for being; 4) The offender was big and bad; 5) The offender was unknown and in no personal relationship to the victim. Christie’s ideal victim is supported in the 1964 study by Pittman and Handyi, where they found crimes of aggravated assault commonly occurred on the weekend and did not involve the use of alcohol or drugs, playing into Christies second attribute of the ideal victim; they also found that men more often than not assault women who they share no history with, Christies fourth and fifth attributes. (Pittman and Handyi, 1964)
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